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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2025

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

Artificial Intelligence Model Assisting Thyroid Nodule Diagnosis and Management: A Multicenter Diagnostic Study.

Eun Ju Ha¹, Jeong Hoon Lee¹, Da Hyun Lee¹

¹Department of Radiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Wonchon-Dong, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon 16499, South Korea.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

|August 25, 2023

Summary

AI-Thyroid, an artificial intelligence (AI) model, significantly enhances thyroid cancer diagnosis accuracy and physician agreement. This AI tool is particularly beneficial for less experienced physicians, improving diagnostic workflows.

Keywords:

artificial intelligence multicenter diagnostic study thyroid cancer thyroid nodule ultrasonography

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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

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Published on: June 9, 2023

Area of Science:

Medical Imaging
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Oncology

Background:

Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into diagnostic workflows remains a challenge.
Accurate thyroid cancer diagnosis is crucial for effective patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate AI-Thyroid, a deep-learning model for thyroid cancer diagnosis.
To assess the impact of AI-Thyroid on diagnostic performance and physician agreement.

Main Methods:

Trained AI-Thyroid on 19,711 images from 6,163 patients.
Validated the model on 11,185 images from 4,820 patients across 24 hospitals.
Compared diagnostic performance of physicians with and without AI-Thyroid assistance.

Main Results:

AI-Thyroid achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve of 0.939.
Assisted diagnosis significantly improved AUROC, sensitivity, and specificity for all physicians (P < .001).
Interobserver agreement improved from moderate to substantial with AI-Thyroid use.

Conclusions:

AI-Thyroid demonstrates potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy in thyroid cancer.
The AI model improves diagnostic performance and interobserver agreement, especially for less experienced physicians.
AI-Thyroid offers a valuable tool for integrating AI into clinical diagnostic workflows.