Three-Dimensional-Derived Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Structure and Function and Indices from the 12-Lead...

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Reproductive Endocrinology
• Sports Physiology

Background:

• The influence of menstrual cycle phases on cardiac structure and function in active females remains under-investigated.
• Previous research has not utilized 3D echocardiography and ECG to assess these menstrual cycle-related cardiac changes.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the impact of menstrual phases (follicular, ovulation, luteal) on left ventricular (LV) structure and function.
• To assess cardiac parameters using 3D echocardiography and resting ECG in healthy, physically active females.

Main Methods:

• Sixteen physically active females (20 ± 2 years) underwent 3D echocardiography and ECG at three menstrual cycle points.
• Evaluated LV end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVi), LV ejection fraction (LVEF), allometrically indexed LV mass (LVMi), torsion, and strain (GLS, GCS, GRS).
• Analyzed ECG for P-QRS waves, axis deviation, chamber enlargement, and arrhythmias.

Main Results:

• A statistically significant increase in LV mass index (LVMi) was observed during the luteal phase (36.4 g/m^2.7) compared to follicular (35.0 g/m^2.7) and ovulation (34.7 g/m^2.7) phases (p=0.026).
• No significant differences were found in other LV structure or function parameters across the menstrual cycle phases.
• No significant changes in ECG variables or evidence of arrhythmias were detected throughout the menstrual cycle.

Conclusions:

• A minor but significant elevation in LVMi occurs during the luteal phase in physically active females.
• This luteal phase-associated increase in LVMi does not impact overall left ventricular function or ECG parameters.
• Findings highlight the importance of considering menstrual cycle phase in serial cardiac assessments for research and clinical settings.