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Updated: Jul 18, 2025

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
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Developmental trajectories of late preterm infants and predictors of academic performance

Prachi E Shah1, Julie Poehlmann2, Heidi M Weeks3

  • 1Division of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. prachis@umich.edu.

Pediatric Research
|August 25, 2023
PubMed

Insights

Developmental trajectories for late preterm infants (LPIs) vary significantly. Sensitive parenting and preschool attendance promote academic resilience, while factors like prenatal smoking and male sex predict academic risk.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Pediatrics
  • Educational Psychology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Late preterm infants (LPIs) face developmental risks compared to full-term peers.
  • Understanding LPI developmental trajectories from infancy to kindergarten is crucial.
  • Predictors of academic resilience and risk in LPIs remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify developmental trajectories of LPIs from infancy to kindergarten reading and math.
  • To determine predictors of academic resilience and risk in LPIs.
  • To inform anticipatory guidance for LPIs before kindergarten.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 1200 LPIs in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort.
  • Assessed development at 9 and 24 months (Bayley-SFR) and academic achievement (reading/math) at preschool/kindergarten.
  • Employed latent class growth analysis for trajectory identification and multinomial logistic regression for predictor analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identified four reading and three math trajectory groups for LPIs.
  • Sensitive parenting and preschool attendance were linked to optimal trajectories and academic resilience.
  • Factors including maternal education, multiple gestation, prenatal smoking, and male sex predicted academic risk.

Conclusions:

  • LPI developmental trajectories show significant variation.
  • Sensitive parenting and preschool enrollment are key protective factors for academic success.
  • Identifying at-risk LPIs through factors like prenatal smoking and male sex enables targeted early interventions.
Abstract

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