Vitamin B₁₂ conveys a protective advantage to phycosphere-associated bacteria at high temperatures

Many marine microbes require vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin) but are unable to synthesize it, necessitating reliance on other B₁₂-producing microbes. Thus, phytoplankton and bacterioplankton community dynamics can partially depend on the production and release of a limiting resource by members of the same community. We tested the impact of temperature and B₁₂ availability on the growth of two bacterial taxa commonly associated with phytoplankton: Ruegeria pomeroyi, which produces B₁₂ and fulfills the B₁₂ requirements of some phytoplankton, and Alteromonas macleodii, which does not produce B₁₂ but also does not strictly require it for growth. For B₁₂-producing R. pomeroyi, we further tested how temperature influences B₁₂ production and release. Access to B₁₂ significantly increased growth rates of both species at the highest temperatures tested (38 °C for R. pomeroyi, 40 °C for A. macleodii) and A. macleodii biomass was significantly reduced when grown at high temperatures without B₁₂, indicating that B₁₂ is protective at high temperatures. Moreover, R. pomeroyi produced more B₁₂ at warmer temperatures but did not release detectable amounts of B₁₂ at any temperature tested. Results imply that increasing temperatures and more frequent marine heatwaves with climate change will influence microbial B₁₂ dynamics and could interrupt symbiotic resource sharing.