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To promote clear communication, for instance, about the location of a patient's abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, anatomists and clinicians typically use imaginary lines to categorize the abdominopelvic cavity into either four quadrants or nine regions to identify organs in the cavity.
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Updated: Jul 18, 2025

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
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Sex-based differences in inguinal hernia factors.

Sarah Pivo1, Desmond Huynh1, Cherin Oh2

  • 1Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Surgical Endoscopy
|August 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adult females have more risk factors for inguinal hernias than males, but bilaterality and genetic predisposition were similar. This study highlights sex-based differences in adult inguinal hernia factors.

Keywords:
Gender studiesInguinal herniaInguinal hernias in womenRisk factors inguinal herniaSex-based differences

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Area of Science:

  • General Surgery
  • Hernia Surgery
  • Surgical Outcomes

Background:

  • Inguinal hernia knowledge is male-dominated, yet females experience worse outcomes.
  • Pediatric studies suggest females have higher rates of bilateral, incarcerated hernias with genetic links.
  • Limited data exists on sex-based differences in adult inguinal hernias.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sex-based differences in adult inguinal hernia factors.
  • To identify preoperative risk factors and operative characteristics in adult females versus males.
  • To supplement the literature on adult inguinal hernias, particularly concerning female patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective query of an institutional database for primary inguinal hernia repairs.
  • Analysis focused on preoperative risk factors and operative characteristics.
  • Multivariate analysis to identify variables associated with intraoperative hernia defect counts.

Main Results:

  • Females (40.9%) had more risk factors (1.53 vs 1.2), constipation, GERD, and asthma, with lower BMI.
  • Females had fewer direct hernias (12.9% vs 32.9%) and more femoral hernias (38.5% vs 12.2%).
  • Bilaterality and family history of hernias were similar between sexes; age, sex, BMI, and deliveries did not correlate with defect numbers.

Conclusions:

  • Adult females undergoing inguinal hernia repair present with more preoperative risk factors than males.
  • Contrary to pediatric findings, this study found no increased bilaterality or genetic predisposition in adult females.
  • The findings emphasize the need for awareness of sex-based differences in adult inguinal hernias and their contributing factors.