Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Emerging Therapies and Future Treatment Strategies

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term used to represent a group of chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two major clinical forms. The global incidence and prevalence of IBD have increased over the last 2-4 decades. Despite the specific etiopathogenesis of IBD still being unknown, it is widely recognized that immunological, genetic, and environmental factors are implicated. A greater understanding of the multiple signaling pathways involved has led to the development of biologic therapies in the last two decades. Although these treatments have dramatically transformed the course of IBD, there is not a definitive cure and available therapies may cause adverse events (AEs), limiting their use, or have an inadequate effect in some patients. In this context, emerging therapies addressing new specific pathogenetic mechanisms have shown promising efficacy and safety data in early clinical trials. The purpose of this review is to highlight the available clinical trial data for these new drugs, such as more preferential JAK inhibitors, anti-IL-23 antibodies, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators, anti-integrin therapies, and other small molecules that are currently under research. We will emphasize the potential significance of these agents in shaping future treatment options.