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Updated: Jul 18, 2025

Spatio-Temporal In Vivo Imaging of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems using Fiberoptic Confocal Laser Microendoscopy
Published on: September 27, 2021
Ultrasound-Mediated Ocular Drug Delivery: From Physics and Instrumentation to Future Directions
Blair Duncan1, Raida Al-Kassas2, Guangming Zhang1
1School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
Abstract:
Drug delivery to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye is impeded by anatomical and physiological barriers. Increasingly, the bioeffects produced by ultrasound are being proven effective for mitigating the impact of these barriers on ocular drug delivery, though there does not appear to be a consensus on the most appropriate system configuration and operating parameters for this application. In this review, the fundamental aspects of ultrasound physics most pertinent to drug delivery are presented; the primary phenomena responsible for increased drug delivery efficacy under ultrasound sonication are discussed; an overview of common ocular drug administration routes and the associated ocular barriers is also given before reviewing the current state of the art of ultrasound-mediated ocular drug delivery and its potential future directions.
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