Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 18, 2025
10:28
A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
Published on: June 26, 2020
9.8K
The Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes E to J: The Overlooked Genotypes
Rayana Maryse Toyé1, Carmen Luisa Loureiro2, Rossana Celeste Jaspe2
1Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), 151 Cours Albert Thomas, 69003 Lyon, France.
Microorganisms
|August 26, 2023
Summary
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes E to J are understudied. Limited data and geographic under-representation hinder research on these important HBV strains, necessitating further investigation.
Area of Science:
- Virology
- Hepatology
- Public Health
Background:
- Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes E-J are significantly understudied compared to other HBV genotypes.
- Geographic distribution varies, with Genotype E primarily in West Africa, Genotypes F & H in the Americas, Genotype G's distribution unclear, and Genotypes I & J in Asia.
Purpose of the Study:
- To highlight the under-representation of HBV genotypes E-J in current research.
- To emphasize the need for increased research focus on these overlooked HBV genotypes.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on HBV genotypes E-J.
- Analysis of sequence data availability and geographic representation.
Main Results:
- Paucity of reported sequences for HBV genotypes E-J impacts phylogenetic and distance analyses.
- Under-representation of sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America in research cohorts limits data.
- Genotype F is highly divergent with six subgenotypes; Genotype E may be recent; Genotype J is from a single case.
Conclusions:
- Further research is crucial to understand the epidemiology and evolution of HBV genotypes E-J.
- Addressing data gaps in under-represented regions is essential for comprehensive HBV research.
- Increased global research efforts are needed for these overlooked HBV genotypes.
Related Concept Videos
02:33Retroviruses
12.4K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
12.4K
03:18Non-LTR Retrotransposons
11.6K
As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
11.6K
03:08LTR Retrotransposons
17.6K
LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
17.6K
01:29Viruses with RNA Genomes
56
RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
56
01:27Horizontal Gene Transfer
40
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...
40
01:17Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling
1.6K
Enterohepatic cycling involves the active secretion of drugs and their metabolites into the bile via transporters in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. This secretion is an integral part of the digestive process, releasing these substances into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Post-release drugs and metabolites can be reabsorbed into the body from the intestine. For conjugated metabolites like glucuronides, reabsorption requires enzymatic hydrolysis by intestinal microflora. This...
Post-release drugs and metabolites can be reabsorbed into the body from the intestine. For conjugated metabolites like glucuronides, reabsorption requires enzymatic hydrolysis by intestinal microflora. This...
1.6K