A Graphene-Based Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Device Enabled through a Water-Induced Interface Cleaning Process

We report the use of four-layer graphene (4LG) as a highly reliable transparent conductive electrode (TCE) for polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC)-based smart window devices. The adhesion between 4LG and the substrate was successfully improved through a water-induced interface-cleaning (WIIC) process. We compared the performance of a device with a WIIC-processed 4LG electrode with that of devices with a conventional indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode and a 4LG electrode without a WIIC. With the application of the WIIC process, the PDLC smart window with a 4LG electrode exhibited reduced turn-on voltage and haze compared to 4LG without the WIIC process and characteristics comparable to those of the ITO electrode. The WIIC-processed 4LG electrode demonstrated enhanced electrical properties and better optical performance, leading to improved device efficiency and reliability. Furthermore, our study revealed that the WIIC process not only improved the adhesion between 4LG and the substrate but also enhanced the compatibility and interfacial interactions, resulting in the superior performance of the smart window device. These findings suggest that 4LG with WIIC holds great promise as a transparent conductive electrode for flexible smart windows, offering a cost-effective and efficient alternative to conventional ITO electrodes.