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Related Concept Videos

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters

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Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
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Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

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A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
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Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

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The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and...
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution01:27

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution

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The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

229
Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
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Updated: Jul 18, 2025

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Pharmaceutical Evaluation of Levofloxacin Orally Disintegrating Tablet Formulation Using Low Frequency Raman

Yoshihisa Yamamoto1, Mizuho Kajita2, Yutaro Hirose2

  • 1Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2 Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8530, Japan.

Pharmaceutics
|August 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Low frequency (LF) Raman spectroscopy revealed new pharmaceutical applications by analyzing levofloxacin (LV) orally disintegrating tablets. This technique differentiated crystalline forms and coating layers of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).

Keywords:
crystalline formlevofloxacinlow frequency Raman spectroscopyorally disintegrating tablet

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Levofloxacin (LV) is an antibiotic commonly formulated as tablets.
  • Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) offer improved patient compliance.
  • Characterizing the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) within complex formulations is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore novel applications of low frequency (LF) Raman spectroscopy in pharmaceutical analysis.
  • To characterize the distribution and crystalline forms of levofloxacin (LV) in orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs).
  • To investigate the composition of coating layers on dispersed granules within the ODTs.

Main Methods:

  • Microscopic infrared (IR) spectroscopy
  • Thermal analyses (e.g., DSC, TGA)
  • Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD)
  • Microscopic low frequency (LF) Raman spectroscopy

Main Results:

  • Homogeneous distribution of API in LV ODTs versus dispersed granules in LV ODTs.
  • Identification of different crystalline forms (hemihydrate and monohydrate) of LV API in the formulations.
  • Detection of titanium dioxide in thin coating layers on granules, likely part of a bitterness-masking polymer system.
  • Confirmation of API presence and crystalline state variations using LF Raman spectroscopy.

Conclusions:

  • Microscopic LF Raman spectroscopy is a valuable tool for characterizing API in pharmaceutical formulations.
  • The study identified distinct API crystalline forms and coating compositions in different levofloxacin tablet types.
  • LF Raman spectroscopy offers new avenues for pharmaceutical quality control and formulation development.