Microbial Fuel Cell Biosensor with Capillary Carbon Source Delivery for Real-Time Toxicity Detection

A microbial fuel cell (MFC) biosensor with an anode as a sensing element is often unreliable at low or significantly fluctuating organic matter concentrations. To remove this limitation, this work demonstrates capillary action-aided carbon source delivery to an anode-sensing MFC biosensor for use in carbon-depleted environments, e.g., potable water. First, different carbon source delivery configurations using several thread types, silk, nylon, cotton, and polyester, are evaluated. Silk thread was determined to be the most suitable material for passive delivery of a 40 g L^-1 acetate solution. This carbon source delivery system was then incorporated into the design of an MFC biosensor for real-time detection of toxicity spikes in tap water, providing an organic matter concentration of 56 ± 15 mg L^-1. The biosensor was subsequently able to detect spikes of toxicants such as chlorine, formaldehyde, mercury, and cyanobacterial microcystins. The 16S sequencing results demonstrated the proliferation of Desulfatirhabdium (10.7% of the total population), Pelobacter (10.3%), and Geobacter (10.2%) genera. Overall, this work shows that the proposed approach can be used to achieve real-time toxicant detection by MFC biosensors in carbon-depleted environments.