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Related Concept Videos

Genetic Drift03:33

Genetic Drift

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Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and reproduction. However, evolution does not merely propagate favorable traits, nor does it always benefit populations.
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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Viral Mutations00:36

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2025

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency
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Distinguishing Genetic Drift from Selection in Papillomavirus Evolution.

Robert D Burk1, Lisa Mirabello2, Robert DeSalle3

  • 1Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology & Immunology, Epidemiology & Population Health, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Woman's Health, and Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.

Viruses
|August 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Genetic drift, not just selection, shapes human papillomavirus (HPV) genomes. Different evolutionary forces influenced HPV genome structure across time, impacting even recent variants.

Keywords:
genetic drifthuman papillomavirus (HPV)molecular evolution

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Area of Science:

  • * Virology
  • * Evolutionary Biology
  • * Genomics

Background:

  • * Purifying selection impacts papillomavirus non-synonymous substitutions.
  • * The role of non-coding DNA motif evolution in HPV diversification is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the influence of genetic drift and selection on non-coding DNA motifs in *Alphapapillomavirus* genomes.
  • * To understand the evolutionary history and diversification of HPV genomes.

Main Methods:

  • * Phylogenetic analysis of over a thousand complete *Alphapapillomavirus* genomes.
  • * Examination of nucleotide composition, codon usage, trimer usage, and 13 non-coding DNA motifs.
  • * Application of Principal Components Analyses, Ancestral State Reconstructions, and Phylogenetic Independent Contrasts.

Main Results:

  • * Nucleotide composition, codon usage, and non-coding motifs revealed phylogenetic clustering indicative of genetic drift in ancient *Alphapapillomavirus* types.
  • * CpG and APOBEC3 motifs showed significant ancient genome alterations.
  • * Evolutionary analyses indicated distinct structuring of HPV genomes by genetic drift and varying drivers across epochs.

Conclusions:

  • * Genetic drift plays a significant role in structuring *Alphapapillomavirus* genomes.
  • * Different evolutionary drivers have shaped HPV genomes differently over time.
  • * These evolutionary patterns extend to recently emerged variant lineages.