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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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Oncolytic Virus Engineering and Utilizations: Cancer Immunotherapy Perspective.

Palaniyandi Muthukutty1, So Young Yoo1

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|August 26, 2023
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Oncolytic viruses, both natural and modified, are advancing cancer immunotherapy. This review explores virus engineering strategies and clinical trial progress for improved virotherapeutics.

Keywords:
cancerclinical trialsimmunotherapyoncolytic virusvirotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Virology
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Oncolytic viruses have significantly advanced cancer immunotherapy over the last two decades.
  • Both naturally occurring and genetically engineered viruses demonstrate potential in treating diverse cancers.
  • Four oncolytic viruses have received global regulatory approval, with ongoing development for enhanced anti-tumor efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review virus engineering strategies for oncolytic virotherapeutics.
  • To discuss the progress of clinical trials involving oncolytic viruses.
  • To provide insights into future technologies for oncolytic virus development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on oncolytic virus engineering.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data and outcomes.
  • Discussion of modification strategies and their impact on anti-tumor responses.

Main Results:

  • Oncolytic viruses show promising results in treating various cancers.
  • Advancements in virus engineering are crucial for overcoming limitations and improving treatment outcomes.
  • Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating the efficacy and safety of novel oncolytic agents.

Conclusions:

  • Faster translation of research into commercialization is essential for cancer immunotherapy.
  • A deeper understanding of virus modification strategies will drive future oncolytic virus technologies.
  • Continued research and development in oncolytic virotherapeutics hold significant promise for cancer treatment.