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Characterizing SARS-CoV-2 neutralization profiles after bivalent boosting using antigenic cartography.

Annika Rössler¹, Antonia Netzl², Ludwig Knabl³

¹Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.

Nature Communications

|August 26, 2023

Summary

New Omicron variants show immune escape, impacting vaccine effectiveness. Hybrid immunity offers some protection, but updated vaccines are needed to target current strains effectively.

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Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Vaccinology

Background:

Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 have diversified significantly since the emergence of BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5.
Antigenic characterization is crucial for assessing immune escape and informing future vaccine strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To create an antigenic map of recent Omicron variants using human sera and live virus isolates.
To analyze antibody neutralization profiles following bivalent mRNA vaccine booster immunization.
To evaluate the immune escape potential of new Omicron subvariants.

Main Methods:

Development of an antigenic map incorporating diverse Omicron variants (BA.2.75, BF.7, BQ, XBB, XBF).
Analysis of neutralization profiles using human single-exposure sera and live-virus isolates.
Construction of antibody landscapes to assess responses to bivalent mRNA vaccines (ancestral/BA.1 or ancestral/BA.4/5).

Main Results:

Recent Omicron variants cluster around BA.1 and BA.5, with some extending the antigenic space.
Immune escape was observed for variants like BA.2.75, BQ, XBB, and XBF, even after bivalent boosting.
Individuals with hybrid immunity showed improved cross-neutralization against these variants.

Conclusions:

Current Omicron variants exhibit significant immune escape properties.
Bivalent mRNA vaccines provide some cross-neutralization, particularly with hybrid immunity.
Future vaccine updates are necessary to generate cross-neutralizing antibodies against currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants.