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Chaotic aging: intrinsically disordered proteins in aging-related processes.

Vladimir D Manyilov1, Nikolay S Ilyinsky2, Semen V Nesterov1,3

  • 1Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy Pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia.

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Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and regions (IDRs) are crucial in aging, particularly in DNA regulation. Their aggregation may signal disease and impact cellular health, offering new insights into aging mechanisms.

Keywords:
AggregationAgingEpigeneticsIntrinsic disorderLiquid–liquid phase separationProtein functionProtein structureProtein–protein interactionProteomicsProteostasis

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Aging is linked to cellular process disruptions, known as hallmarks of aging.
  • Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) lack stable structures, enabling roles as signaling hubs.
  • The specific involvement of IDPs/IDRs in aging processes requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and functional significance of IDPs/IDRs in aging-related proteins.
  • To explore the association between IDPs/IDRs, protein-protein interactions, and aging hallmarks.
  • To understand the potential of IDP characteristics as markers for aging-related pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Collected a dataset of 1702 aging-related proteins from databases and literature.
  • Analyzed protein disorder content, Gene Ontology terms, and protein-protein interaction networks.
  • Assessed liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) probability and subcellular localization.

Main Results:

  • IDPs/IDRs constitute approximately 36% of the aging-related protein dataset, lower than the human proteome average (40%).
  • Gene Ontology analysis revealed IDP/IDR enrichment in ~33% of aging processes, notably genome regulation.
  • IDP-enriched clusters showed high LLPS probability, nuclear localization, and DNA-associated functions, linking to genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, and stem cell exhaustion.

Conclusions:

  • IDPs/IDRs play significant roles in aging, especially in DNA-related functions.
  • IDP aggregation is a potential marker for pathogenic proteins and can be detrimental to cellular health.
  • Understanding IDP behavior in aging may reveal new strategies for therapeutic interventions.