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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Tissue Transplantation01:24

Tissue Transplantation

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Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
The Biology of Tissue Transplantation
The biology of tissue transplantation hinges on the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. These molecules...
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Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
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Rh Blood Group01:19

Rh Blood Group

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The Rhesus (Rh) antigen is crucial in determining blood groups and ensuring compatibility during blood transfusions.
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Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
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Blood Transfusion and Agglutination02:45

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination

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Blood transfusion is a therapeutic measure to restore the blood volume after extensive blood loss due to an accident or a medical procedure. Blood transfusion involves drawing a certain amount of blood from a suitable donor and infusing it into the recipient.
History
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Updated: Jul 18, 2025

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation
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A historical perspective on HLA.

Walter Bodmer1,2

  • 1Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Immunotherapy Advances
|August 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system

Area of Science:

  • Immunogenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Human Genetics

Background:

  • The discovery of the HLA system traces back to early cancer transfer experiments in mice.
  • Key milestones include identifying the mouse H-2 system and HLA class II antigens.
  • Understanding HLA function involves peptide binding to cell surface antigen grooves.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical discovery and evolution of the HLA system.
  • To highlight the transition from basic discovery to functional understanding.
  • To establish the foundation for modern genetic disease studies.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of scientific literature and discoveries.
  • Tracing the progression of immunological and genetic research.

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Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis
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  • Connecting early findings to current genetic association studies.

    • Main Results:

    • The evolution of HLA and H-2 system research is detailed.
    • HLA function is explained by intracellular peptide binding.
    • HLA-disease associations are established as a basis for genetic studies.

    Conclusions:

    • The historical study of HLA has significantly advanced our understanding of immunogenetics.
    • HLA research paved the way for Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS).
    • Understanding HLA genetics is crucial for studying complex human diseases.