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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Translational control by long non-coding RNAs.

Anne-Claire Godet1, Emilie Roussel2, Nathalie Laugero2

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Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate gene expression at the translational level through nine distinct mechanisms. These lncRNAs are implicated in various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), defined as RNA molecules >200 nucleotides, are increasingly recognized for their crucial cellular functions.
  • Initially dismissed as non-functional, lncRNAs are now known to regulate gene expression across various stages.
  • Their diverse origins include intronic, intergenic, and overlapping regions, acting in sense or antisense orientations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a synopsis of lncRNAs that control gene translation.
  • To highlight the diverse molecular mechanisms employed by lncRNAs at the translational level.
  • To underscore the involvement of these lncRNAs in human pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing studies on lncRNAs and translation.
  • Identification and categorization of molecular mechanisms of lncRNA-mediated translational control.
  • Analysis of the association between lncRNAs and disease states.

Main Results:

  • LncRNAs regulate gene expression at the translational level through at least nine distinct molecular mechanisms.
  • While transcriptional regulation by lncRNAs is well-documented, translational control is an emerging area.
  • A wide array of lncRNAs have been identified to influence protein synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • LncRNAs represent a significant layer of gene expression regulation, particularly at the translational level.
  • Dysregulation of translational control by lncRNAs is linked to major human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative conditions.
  • Further research into lncRNA-mediated translational mechanisms holds promise for therapeutic strategies.