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Dream self-reflectiveness as a learned cognitive skill.

S Purcell, J Mullington, A Moffitt

    Sleep
    |January 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Dreaming involves varying levels of self-reflection, particularly during REM sleep. Cognitive training can enhance self-reflective and lucid dreaming abilities, suggesting dreams are higher-order cognitive activity.

    Area of Science:

    • Cognitive Psychology
    • Neuroscience
    • Sleep Science

    Background:

    • Cognitive dream psychology presents a contradiction: dreaming is viewed as higher symbolic activity yet its characteristics are often deemed inferior to waking consciousness.
    • This research addresses the variability in dream cognition and its potential as a higher-order cognitive function.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the degree of self-reflective meta-cognition in dreams across different sleep stages.
    • To determine if self-reflective and lucid dreaming can be learned as a cognitive skill.
    • To investigate the effectiveness of mnemonic techniques in enhancing dream self-reflectiveness.

    Main Methods:

    • Study 1: Assessed self-reflectiveness (SR) in REM, stage 2, and stage 4 dreams of high- and low-frequency dream recallers.

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  • Study 2: Employed a 3-week home dream collection protocol with experimental groups receiving varying levels of intention and attention training, including mnemonic techniques, compared to a baseline group.

    • Main Results:

    • Higher self-reflectiveness (SR) was observed in REM dreams compared to stages 2 and 4.
    • High-frequency dream recallers exhibited greater dream SR than low-frequency recallers.
    • Mnemonic training significantly increased self-reflective and lucid dreaming compared to baseline and attention-control conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • Dreaming exhibits variability along a self-reflective process continuum, not a single mode of cognition.
    • Dreaming possesses functional and organizational levels consistent with higher-order cognitive activity.
    • Self-reflective and lucid dreaming can be enhanced through targeted cognitive skill training.