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Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

Standard Electrode Potentials

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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
Spontaneous redox reactions occur abundantly in nature. The chemical reaction occurring in a disposable AA battery powering our remote controls is one such example of a spontaneous redox reaction. Another example is the immersion of coiled copper wire into an aqueous silver nitrate solution. The reaction shows a gradual, visually impressive color change from colorless to bright blue and the formation of a grey precipitate on the copper wire. In this experiment,...
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Concentration Cells

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A concentration cell is a type of a  voltaic cell constructed by connecting two almost identical half-cells, both based on the same half-reaction and using the same electrode, differing only in the concentration of one redox species. A concentration cell's potential, therefore, is determined only by the concentration difference of the particular redox species.
Consider the following voltaic cell:
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Activating Selenium Cathode Chemistry for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

Fuhan Cui1, Rui Pan1, Lin Su1

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Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
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Summary

Researchers developed a new cathode for aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ARZIBs) using ruthenium-doped amorphous selenium. This breakthrough achieves high volumetric capacity and stability, paving the way for lighter and more compact energy storage solutions.

Keywords:
H+ and Zn2+ co-intercalationRu-doped amorphous SeZn depositionaqueous Zn-Se batteriessurface passivation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ARZIBs) offer safety and cost benefits but lack high volumetric capacity cathodes.
  • Developing compact and lightweight ARZIBs requires advanced cathode materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel cathode material for ARZIBs with enhanced volumetric capacity and stability.
  • To mitigate performance limitations caused by side reactions in selenium-based cathodes.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized amorphous selenium doped with transition metal ruthenium (Ru) as a cathode material.
  • Investigated the electrochemical performance of Ru-doped amorphous Se||Zn half cells.
  • Analyzed the intercalation/deintercalation mechanisms and surface layer mitigation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a record-high capacity of 721 mAh g⁻¹ /3472 mAh cm⁻³ in Ru-doped amorphous Se||Zn half cells.
  • Demonstrated superior cycling stability with over 800 cycles and minimal capacity decay (0.015% per cycle).
  • Observed synchronous proton and Zn²⁺ intercalation/deintercalation and an effective Zn²⁺ deposition/stripping process.

Conclusions:

  • Ruthenium-doped amorphous selenium presents a promising cathode chemistry for high-performance ARZIBs.
  • This work enables lighter and more compact ARZIBs by improving gravimetric and volumetric capacity.
  • The findings open avenues for new cathode chemistries in next-generation energy storage.