Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents01:27

Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents

8.3K
In the presence of heat or light, alkanes react with molecular halogens to form alkyl halides by a substitution reaction called radical halogenation. This reaction has three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination, as seen in the radical chlorination of methane to produce methyl chloride.
In the initiation step of the reaction, the chlorine molecule undergoes homolytic cleavage in the presence of light or heat, forming two highly reactive chlorine radicals. Propagation occurs in two...
8.3K
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

15.8K
Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
15.8K
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

2.2K
Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
2.2K
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

16.9K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
16.9K
Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent01:14

Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent

3.0K
Lithium dialkyl cuprate, also known as Gilman reagents, selectively reduces acid halides to ketones. The acid chloride is treated with Gilman reagent at −78 °C in the presence of ether solution to produce a ketone in good yield.
As shown below, the mechanism proceeds in two steps. First, one of the alkyl groups of the reagent acts as a nucleophile and attacks the acyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen...
3.0K
SN2 Reaction: Kinetics02:14

SN2 Reaction: Kinetics

8.5K
Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a...
8.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

How Advocates Can Use the Revised Circular A-4 Means to Push for Stronger Worker and Environmental Protections.

New solutions : a journal of environmental and occupational health policy : NS·2024
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2025

Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene
09:45

Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene

Published on: March 20, 2017

10.4K

Methylene Chloride Comment.

James Goodwin1, Federico Holm1

  • 1Center for Progressive Reform, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.

New Solutions : a Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy : NS
|August 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Regulatory Policy
  • Occupational Health

Background:

  • Methylene chloride is a dangerous chemical with significant health and safety risks, especially for workers.
  • The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed a rule to restrict methylene chloride use under the Toxic Substance Control Act.
  • Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a method used to evaluate regulations, but it faces criticism for its methodologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To submit critical comments to the EPA regarding the cost-benefit analysis for the proposed methylene chloride rule.
  • To highlight flaws in the EPA's CBA, including undervaluation of benefits and disregard for worker justice.
  • To advocate for reforms in regulatory analysis, aligning with current Biden administration initiatives.

Main Methods:

Keywords:
cost–benefit analysisregulationtoxic chemicalsworker protections

More Related Videos

Analysis of the Lipid Composition of Mycobacteria by Thin Layer Chromatography
07:42

Analysis of the Lipid Composition of Mycobacteria by Thin Layer Chromatography

Published on: April 16, 2021

8.2K
Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
08:43

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

10.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2025

Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene
09:45

Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene

Published on: March 20, 2017

10.4K
Analysis of the Lipid Composition of Mycobacteria by Thin Layer Chromatography
07:42

Analysis of the Lipid Composition of Mycobacteria by Thin Layer Chromatography

Published on: April 16, 2021

8.2K
Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
08:43

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

10.3K
  • Analysis of the EPA's cost-benefit analysis document for the proposed methylene chloride rule.
  • Submission of formal comments detailing criticisms of the EPA's methodology.
  • Review of existing criticisms of cost-benefit analysis and proposed reforms.

Main Results:

  • The EPA's CBA for the methylene chloride rule employs a formalistic approach that undervalues regulatory benefits.
  • The analysis fails to adequately consider crucial impact issues such as worker justice.
  • The EPA's methodology does not align with the Biden administration's ongoing reforms for cost-benefit analyses.

Conclusions:

  • The current cost-benefit analysis for the methylene chloride restriction is flawed and requires significant revision.
  • Regulatory impact assessments must incorporate broader considerations beyond purely economic metrics, including social equity.
  • The EPA should adopt updated methodologies for CBA that reflect current best practices and administrative reforms.