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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Thigh01:20

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The thigh's motion is primarily governed by muscles originating in the pelvic girdle and inserted into the femur. One crucial muscle, the iliopsoas, is a combination of the psoas major and the iliacus muscles, sharing a common insertion point on the lesser trochanter of the femur.
Three other significant muscles are the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus. The gluteus maximus originates from the posterior surface of the ilium, sacrum, and coccyx, and the thoracolumbar...
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The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
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Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

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The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2025

The Transition to an Anterior-Based Muscle Sparing Approach Improves Early Postoperative Function but is Associated with a Learning Curve
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The Gluteus Medius Experiences Significant Excursion With Hip Flexion.

Timothy Jackson1, David Wright1, Charles Long1

  • 1Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Congress Medical Foundation, Pasadena, California, U.S.A.

Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation
|August 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hip flexion significantly increases gluteus medius (Gmed) and minimus (Gmin) myotendinous excursion. External rotation at 90° flexion also increases Gmed and Gmin excursion, informing post-operative care for abductor tendon repairs.

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In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Biomechanics
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • The gluteus medius (Gmed) and minimus (Gmin) muscles are crucial hip abductors.
  • Understanding their myotendinous unit's response to hip movement is vital for surgical repair outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the excursion of the Gmed and Gmin myotendinous units during varying degrees of hip flexion and rotation.

Main Methods:

  • Cadaveric dissection of seven hips to isolate Gmed and Gmin insertions.
  • Application of simulated myotendinous units with applied loads (10N and 20N).
  • Measurement of myotendinous excursion across different hip flexion angles (0-90°) and rotation positions (neutral, internal, external).

Main Results:

  • Gmed excursion increased significantly with hip flexion, reaching 23.0 mm (lateral) and 38.1 mm (posterior) at 90° flexion.
  • Gmin excursion showed complex changes with flexion, but significantly increased (up to 92.6%) with external rotation at 90° flexion.
  • External rotation at 90° flexion also increased Gmed excursion by up to 49.4%.

Conclusions:

  • The Gmed myotendinous unit exhibits substantial excursion with hip flexion.
  • Both Gmed and Gmin demonstrate significant excursion during external rotation at 90° of hip flexion.
  • Findings suggest limiting hip flexion after Gmed repair and external rotation after Gmed or Gmin repairs to prevent excessive strain.