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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2025

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N-hydroxypipecolic acid primes plants for enhanced microbial pattern-induced responses.

Marie Löwe1, Katharina Jürgens1, Tatyana Zeier1

  • 1Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|August 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary

N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) primes plants for stronger metabolic and transcriptional immune responses to flagellin. NHP and salicylic acid (SA) work together to boost plant immunity against pathogens.

Keywords:
Arabidopsis thalianaN-hydroxypipecolic acidflagellin responseplant immunityprimingsalicylic acidsystemic acquired resistance

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Area of Science:

  • Plant immunity
  • Molecular plant-pathogen interactions
  • Plant biochemistry

Background:

  • Flagellin, a bacterial elicitor, triggers plant immune responses, but these are often moderate.
  • Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a plant defense mechanism induced by pathogens.
  • N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) is known to induce SAR.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how NHP primes Arabidopsis thaliana plants for enhanced responses to flagellin elicitor flg22.
  • To elucidate the interplay between NHP, salicylic acid (SA), and plant immune responses.
  • To compare local flagellin-induced resistance with systemic acquired resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Treatment of Arabidopsis plants with NHP and flg22.
  • Analysis of metabolic and transcriptional changes.
  • Biochemical and immune phenotyping of Arabidopsis mutants in NHP and SA biosynthesis pathways.
  • Assessing plant immunity against Pseudomonas syringae and oomycete infections.

Main Results:

  • NHP strongly primes flg22-induced accumulation of camalexin, SA biosynthesis, pipecolic acid (Pip) generation, and lipid accumulation.
  • NHP more modestly primes flg22-triggered generation of amino acids and expression of FLG22-INDUCED RECEPTOR-KINASE1.
  • NHP and SA mutually promote each other's biosynthesis and additively enhance camalexin formation during early infection stages.
  • SA regulates NHP levels during later interaction periods.
  • NHP and SA additively contribute to basal immunity and flagellin-induced acquired resistance.

Conclusions:

  • NHP primes plants for robust metabolic and transcriptional defense responses to flagellin.
  • NHP and SA have synergistic and regulatory interactions in plant immunity.
  • NHP and SA contribute additively to basal and acquired resistance against various pathogens.
  • NHP precursor Pip lacks independent immune activity.
  • Mechanistic insights into flagellin-triggered resistance and SAR are revealed.