An antibacterial Multi-Layered scaffold fabricated by 3D printing and electrospinning methodologies for skin tissue...

A multi-layered scaffold can mimic the hierarchical structure of the skin, accelerate the wound healing, and protect the skin against contamination and infection. In this study, a three-layered (3L) scaffold was manufactured through a combination of 3D printing and electrospinning technique. A top layer of polyurethane (PU) nanofibrous coating for the prevention of micro-organism penetration was created through electrospining. The middle layer was prepared through the 3D printing of Pluronic F127-quaternized chitosan-silver nitrate nanoparticles (F127-QCS-AgNO₃), as the porous absorbent and antibacterial layer. A bottom layer of core-shell nanofibrous structure of F127-mupirocin/pectin-keratin (F127-Mup/Pec-Kr) for tissue regeneration and enable antibacterial activity was coated onto the middle layer. A range of techniques were applied to fully characterize the resultant structure. The average tensile strength and elastic modulus of the 3L scaffold were measured as 0.65 ± 0.08 MPa and 9.37 ± 2.33 MPa, respectively. The release of Ag ions, mupirocin (Mup), and the antibacterial activity of the dressings was investigated. According to the results, the highest rate of cell adhesion and viability, and angiogenic potential among the studied samples were related to the 3L scaffold, which was also found to significantly accelerate the wound healing.