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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Immunological Memory01:23

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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Neutralization, effector function and immune imprinting of Omicron variants.

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New SARS-CoV-2 variants like BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 show increased ACE2 binding and fusion. The antibody sotrovimab effectively neutralizes these variants, offering protection against severe disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Convergent mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) impact viral properties.
  • Understanding variant evolution and immune response is crucial for effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the binding affinity and membrane fusion efficiency of BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 SARS-CoV-2 variants.
  • To analyze the structural basis for antibody recognition and immune evasion.
  • To evaluate the therapeutic potential of sotrovimab and vaccine-induced immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Structural analysis of RBD-ACE2 and RBD-antibody complexes.
  • In vitro assays for membrane fusion and antibody binding.
  • In vivo studies using mouse and hamster models challenged with SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Main Results:

  • BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 exhibit enhanced ACE2 binding and membrane fusion compared to earlier Omicron variants.
  • Structural studies reveal mechanisms of antibody binding preservation and immune evasion.
  • Sotrovimab demonstrates avid binding, promotes effector functions, and provides protection against BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 infections.
  • Vaccine-elicited antibodies show cross-reactivity and effector functions against Omicron variants, despite reduced neutralization.

Conclusions:

  • Sotrovimab remains effective against current SARS-CoV-2 variants, offering a potential therapeutic strategy.
  • Vaccine-induced immunity contributes to protection through cross-reactive antibodies and effector functions.
  • Immune imprinting plays a role in maintaining a memory B cell response to SARS-CoV-2.