Emerging synthetic drugs for the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common aggressive lymphoma. Recent advances in immunotherapy such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy have significantly improved the outcomes in patients. Despite those advances, disease still recurs in many patients after multiple lines of therapy, and they eventually die. Many novel agents are under investigation. In this review, we focus on the synthetic drugs, usually small-molecule oral agents, that target a specific tumor-cell survival pathway.

We discuss immunomodulatory drugs, cereblon E3 ligase modulators, Bruton tyrosine kinase degraders, B-cell lymphoma-2 inhibitors, Enhancer of Zeste 2 inhibitors, IRAK4 inhibitors/IRAK4 protein degraders, bromodomain and extraterminal inhibitors, cyclin-dependent kinase 9 inhibitors, and menin inhibitors. We focus on their mechanisms of action, activities in DLBCL, and, in some cases, toxicity. We also discuss the challenges in developing synthetic drugs in DLBCL.

Synthetic drugs hold great potential for treating DLBCL. Many phase 1/2 trials are ongoing. To maximize their clinical benefit, a better understanding of the biology of this heterogeneous group of diseases is needed, synergic combinations need to be identified, and the sequencing of therapies needs to be considered.