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Related Concept Videos

Competition02:34

Competition

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When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.
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Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

Predator-Prey Interactions

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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Non-conservative Forces01:17

Non-conservative Forces

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Non-conservative forces are dissipative forces such as friction or air resistance. These forces take energy away from a system as it progresses. Unlike conservative forces, non-conservative forces do not have potential energy associated with them. This is because the energy is lost to the system and cannot be turned into useful work later.
Also unlike their conservative counterparts, they are path-dependent; where the object starts and stops does matter. For example, a grinding wheel applies a...
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How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry
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Suppression force-fields and diffuse competition: competition de-escalation is an evolutionarily stable strategy.

Daniel Z Atwater1

  • 1Department of Animal & Range Sciences, Montana State University, 103 Animal Biosciences Building, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.

Royal Society Open Science
|August 31, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diffuse competition, where effects spread through neighborhoods, can rebound on strong competitors. Mathematical models show these indirect interactions are dominant, impacting evolution and fitness, especially with kin.

Keywords:
competition fieldcompetitive responsegame theorymean-field game modelmultiplayer competitionsuppression field

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Theoretical Biology

Background:

  • Competition theory traditionally focuses on direct, pairwise interactions.
  • Indirect effects in diffuse competition within multi-competitor communities are poorly understood.
  • Understanding how individual competitive interactions scale to community-level effects is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a conceptual framework for diffuse competition.
  • To investigate the prevalence and consequences of indirect competitive interactions.
  • To explore the evolutionary implications of competitive rebound effects.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized mathematical modeling to analyze competitive dynamics.
  • Employed agent-based models to simulate interactions in multi-competitor scenarios.
  • Focused on diffuse interactions versus direct pairwise interactions.

Main Results:

  • Diffuse interactions are likely the dominant mode of competition in multi-competitor settings.
  • Competitive effects can rebound on strong competitors, incurring fitness costs.
  • Rebound effects are more pronounced when kin-kin interactions are frequent.

Conclusions:

  • A new framework clarifies how individual competition manifests in communities.
  • Diffuse competition and its rebound effects are crucial for understanding competitive ability and its evolution.
  • The models offer testable predictions for ecologically realistic situations.