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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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On-Surface Two-Dimensional Polymerization: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects.

Ruoning Li1, Longzhu Zhang1,2, Ting Chen1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) offer unique properties for catalysis and electronics. On-surface synthesis enables precise fabrication and characterization of these advanced materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) are atomically thin materials with unique properties.
  • 2DPs hold promise for applications in catalysis, chemical sensing, and organic electronics.
  • On-surface synthesis allows for precise fabrication and in situ characterization of 2DPs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in on-surface synthesis of 2DPs.
  • To discuss design principles, synthetic reactions, and influencing factors for 2DP fabrication.
  • To highlight challenges and potential solutions in 2DP synthesis and property studies.

Main Methods:

  • On-surface synthesis techniques for 2DP fabrication.
  • Scanning probe microscopy for in situ characterization.
  • Analysis of factors influencing 2D polymerization on surfaces.

Main Results:

  • Overview of recent developments in on-surface 2D polymerization.
  • Identification of key design principles and synthetic strategies.
  • Discussion of challenges in achieving high-quality 2DPs and studying their electronic properties.

Conclusions:

  • On-surface synthesis is a powerful method for creating precise 2DP structures.
  • Further research is needed to overcome challenges in high-quality fabrication and electronic property characterization.
  • Addressing these challenges will unlock the full potential of 2DPs in various applications.