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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
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Updated: Jul 17, 2025

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Epigenetic Modifications Related to Potato Skin Russeting.

Pawan Kumar1, Yulia Kaplan1, Jeffrey B Endelman2

  • 1Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, 68 HaMacabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 1, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Unwanted potato skin russeting is linked to reduced DNA methylation. This epigenetic change, involving DNA methyltransferases, affects both genetic and environmental causes of rough potato skin.

Keywords:
DNA methylationSolanum tuberosumcorkepigenetic regulationperidermphellemphellogenrussetingtuber skin

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Science
  • Epigenetics
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Potato tuber skin provides protection via suberized phellem cells.
  • Smooth skin is desirable, but russeting can occur environmentally or genetically.
  • Epigenetic regulation of skin texture is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate epigenetic modifiers, specifically DNA methylation, in potato skin texture.
  • Determine if DNA methylation differences correlate with smooth vs. russeted skin phenotypes.
  • Understand the mechanisms behind reduced DNA methylation in russeted potato skin.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of smooth and russeted potato cultivars and breeding lines.
  • Anatomical examination of potato skin structure.
  • Global DNA methylation analysis (5-methylcytosine quantification).
  • Gene expression analysis of DNA methyltransferases and demethylases.

Main Results:

  • Russeting, regardless of cause, involves outer phellem layers adhering to new layers.
  • Significant reduction in 5-methylcytosine observed in mature and russeted potato skin.
  • Reduced expression of DNA methyltransferases correlated with lower methylation.
  • No significant change in DNA demethylase expression.

Conclusions:

  • Reduced DNA methylation is a key factor in potato skin russeting.
  • Epigenetic changes, particularly decreased DNA methylation, contribute to skin texture variations.
  • Passive demethylation and reduced methyltransferase activity likely drive these epigenetic alterations.