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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
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Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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How Pt Influences H2 Reactions on High Surface-Area Pt/CeO2 Powder Catalyst Surfaces.

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Platinum (Pt) addition to ceria (CeO2) enhances hydrogen (H2) reactions by promoting spillover and altering surface mechanisms. Spatial heterogeneity in powder catalysts dictates Pt

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Area of Science:

  • Heterogeneous catalysis
  • Surface science
  • Materials chemistry

Background:

  • Platinum-group metals (PGMs) like platinum (Pt) enhance ceria (CeO2) redox reactions.
  • Model studies show PGMs facilitate H2 dissociation and spillover on CeO2 surfaces.
  • Understanding PGM effects on powder catalysts, unlike model systems, is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the mechanism of Pt nanoclusters and single atoms on H2 reactions on Pt/CeO2 powder catalysts.
  • Reconcile findings from model systems with real powder catalyst behavior.
  • Elucidate the role of spatial heterogeneity in PGM-promoted reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled synthesis of Pt/CeO2 powder catalysts.
  • Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) to study H2 consumption.
  • In situ infrared spectroscopy (IR) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) for mechanistic insights.

Main Results:

  • Pt significantly enhances H2 consumption rates, even at low Pt loading, indicating spillover beyond Pt-CeO2 interfaces.
  • Pt alters H2 activation mechanisms, impacting Ce3+, oxygen vacancy, and water formation rates.
  • Ce3+ formation is localized at CeO2-CeO2 boundaries in Pt/CeO2, unlike the homogeneous distribution on pure CeO2.
  • Surface reconstruction at CeO2-CeO2 boundaries facilitates faster H2 consumption.

Conclusions:

  • Spatial heterogeneity in powder catalysts critically influences PGM-promoted H2 reactions on CeO2.
  • Pt's effect extends beyond direct interfaces, involving spillover and surface reconstruction.
  • This study bridges the gap between model studies and practical powder catalyst applications.