Lipid kinase PIP5K1A regulates let-7 microRNA biogenesis through interacting with nuclear export protein XPO5

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs first discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans. The let-7 miRNA is highly conserved in sequence, biogenesis and function from C. elegans to humans. During miRNA biogenesis, XPO5-mediated nuclear export of pre-miRNAs is a rate-limiting step and, therefore, might be critical for the quantitative control of miRNA levels, yet little is known about how this is regulated. Here we show a novel role for lipid kinase PPK-1/PIP5K1A (phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase) in regulating miRNA levels. We found that C. elegans PPK-1 functions in the lin-28/let-7 heterochronic pathway, which regulates the strict developmental timing of seam cells. In C. elegans and human cells, PPK-1/PIP5K1A regulates let-7 miRNA levels. We investigated the mechanism further in human cells and show that PIP5K1A interacts with nuclear export protein XPO5 in the nucleus to regulate mature miRNA levels by blocking the binding of XPO5 to pre-let-7 miRNA. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this role for PIP5K1A is kinase-independent. Our study uncovers the novel finding of a direct connection between PIP5K1A and miRNA biogenesis. Given that miRNAs are implicated in multiple diseases, including cancer, this new finding might lead to a novel therapeutic opportunity.