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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Pulmonary Function Tests are crucial diagnostic tools for assessing respiratory function, particularly in patients with chronic respiratory disorders. They comprehensively evaluate lung volumes, ventilatory function, breathing mechanics, diffusion, and gas exchange. These tests help diagnose pulmonary diseases and play a significant role in monitoring disease progression, evaluating disability, and assessing response to therapy.
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The Bronchial Tree01:23

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The human bronchi and bronchial tree play a crucial role in the respiratory system, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Let's delve into the intricate structure and functions of these respiratory components.
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Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification01:26

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Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
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Asthma-III: Symptoms and Complications01:24

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Asthma, a common chronic respiratory condition, is classified considering the frequency and severity of symptoms alongside lung function impairment. Understanding this classification is essential for appropriate treatment and management. Here's a detailed look at the classification of asthma and its clinical features and complications:
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Breathing01:05

Breathing

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The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2025

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels
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Association between severe bronchiolitis in infancy and age 6-year lung function.

Geneva D Mehta1, Anna Chen Arroyo2, Zhaozhong Zhu3

  • 1Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.

Respiratory Medicine
|September 1, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Severe infant bronchiolitis is linked to reduced lung function by age six. This early life respiratory illness may increase the risk of chronic lung disease later in life.

Keywords:
BronchiolitisLung functionSpirometry

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Respiratory Epidemiology
  • Childhood Respiratory Health

Background:

  • Early life respiratory infections are a significant public health concern.
  • Identifying risk factors for diminished lung function is crucial for lifelong respiratory health.
  • Severe bronchiolitis in infancy is a potential risk factor for long-term pulmonary outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between severe (hospitalized) bronchiolitis in infancy and lung function at age 6.
  • To determine if early life respiratory illness impacts lung development.
  • To provide data for early intervention strategies to improve lung health.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of two prospective cohort studies: infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis and a healthy infant cohort.
  • Longitudinal follow-up with spirometry performed at age 6 years.
  • Multivariable linear regression models adjusted for key covariates (e.g., socioeconomic status, environmental exposures, genetics) to assess primary outcomes: FEV1% predicted (pp) and FEV1/FVCpp.

Main Results:

  • Spirometry data at age 6 were available for 425 children with a history of severe bronchiolitis and 48 controls.
  • Children with a history of severe bronchiolitis exhibited significantly lower FEV1pp (8% lower, p=0.004) and FEV1/FVCpp (4% lower, p=0.007) compared to controls, even after adjustment.
  • No significant differences were observed in FVCpp or bronchodilator responsiveness (BDR) between the groups.

Conclusions:

  • Infants hospitalized with severe bronchiolitis demonstrate reduced FEV1 and FEV1/FVC at age 6.
  • These findings suggest a potential increased risk for chronic respiratory conditions later in life in children with a history of severe infant bronchiolitis.
  • Early life respiratory health interventions may be warranted for infants experiencing severe bronchiolitis.