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Related Concept Videos

Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview01:26

Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview

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Drugs, the chemical agents used in diagnosing, treating, or preventing diseases, undergo a four-phase process of development: pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic.
The pharmaceutical phase focuses on leveraging the physicochemical properties of the drug to design and manufacture an effective product. Variants include orally administered tablets or capsules, topical creams or ointments, and parenteral-delivery solutions or emulsions.
The pharmacokinetic phase...
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A drug dosage regimen describes the specific instructions and schedule for administering a drug to a patient. It considers factors such as drug dosage, frequency, route of administration, and duration of treatment. Designing an appropriate dosage regimen for a patient aims to achieve a target drug concentration at the site of action.
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The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Overview01:22

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Drug administration involves delivering drugs to the body through various routes, such as enteral, parenteral, and topical.
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Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
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A practical guide for buprenorphine initiation in the primary care setting.

Roberto León-Barriera1, Samantha Jayne Zwiebel2, Vania Modesto-Lowe3

  • 1Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA ral187@pitt.edu.

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Buprenorphine is an effective opioid use disorder treatment, but initiation is challenging. Novel low-dose methods and updated prescribing practices can improve access and outcomes in primary care.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Addiction Medicine
  • Primary Care

Background:

  • Opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment with buprenorphine is underutilized.
  • Conventional buprenorphine induction requires patients to be in opioid withdrawal, a significant barrier.
  • Legal restrictions and unfamiliarity with buprenorphine's unique pharmacology have limited its adoption.

Approach:

  • Review of legislative changes affecting buprenorphine prescribing.
  • Analysis of physician perceptions and familiarity with buprenorphine.
  • Examination of buprenorphine pharmacology and novel low-dose induction procedures.

Key Points:

  • Buprenorphine is a safe and effective OUD treatment.
  • Low-dose induction protocols can simplify buprenorphine initiation.
  • Updated prescribing laws and improved physician understanding can increase buprenorphine accessibility.

Conclusions:

  • Simplified buprenorphine induction in primary care can enhance treatment.
  • Addressing barriers to buprenorphine initiation improves patient retention and outcomes.
  • Buprenorphine holds significant potential for widespread OUD treatment.