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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

200
Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
200
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

435
The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
435
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

565
The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
565
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

306
The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
306
The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

896
The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a...
896
Birth Control Methods01:22

Birth Control Methods

327
Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although...
327

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2025

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Non-oestrogen-based and complementary therapies for menopause.

Bassel H Al Wattar1, Vikram Talaulikar2

  • 1Beginnings Assisted Conception Unit, Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals, London, UK; Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit, Institute for Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|September 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Managing menopause symptoms effectively involves a holistic approach. Non-hormonal options, including medications and therapies, offer alternatives for women experiencing debilitating menopausal symptoms.

Keywords:
complementarymenopausenon-hormonal therapysupplementsvitamins

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Women's Health
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Menopause significantly impacts women's quality of life, with many seeking relief from debilitating symptoms.
  • Individual menopausal experiences vary, necessitating personalized management strategies.
  • A holistic approach combining lifestyle, hormonal, and non-hormonal interventions is crucial for optimal well-being.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review non-hormonal interventions for managing menopausal symptoms.
  • To discuss the efficacy and side effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological options.
  • To highlight emerging treatments like neurokinin receptor 3 antagonists.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pharmacological non-hormonal medications (SSRIs, SSRI/SNRIs, Gabapentin, Pregabalin).
  • Evaluation of non-hormonal drug Clonidine and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT).
  • Assessment of evidence for herbal remedies, alternative therapies, and neurokinin receptor 3 antagonists.

Main Results:

  • SSRIs, SSRI/SNRIs, Gabapentin, and Pregabalin show efficacy for vasomotor and other menopausal symptoms, with common side effects.
  • Clonidine is UK-licensed for vasomotor symptoms but has notable side effects.
  • CBT is recommended for anxiety, sleep issues, and vasomotor symptoms; evidence for alternative therapies is weak.

Conclusions:

  • Non-hormonal pharmacological options and CBT are valuable for managing menopausal symptoms.
  • Emerging treatments like neurokinin receptor 3 antagonists show promise for hot flushes.
  • Further research is needed to establish the efficacy and safety of alternative therapies.