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Updated: Jul 17, 2025

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Ambient particulate matter, maternal thyroid function, and birth weight: A mediation analysis.

Yuting Gong1, Yueshu Zhao2, Xiaoan Zhang2

  • 1Department of Medical Genetics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
|September 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Maternal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) is linked to lower birth weight (BW). Thyroid hormone levels mediate this effect, suggesting a pathway for PM-induced reductions in fetal growth.

Keywords:
Birth weightMediation analysisParticulate matterThyroid function

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Reproductive Health
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Birth weight (BW) is a key indicator of fetal development.
  • Previous research on ambient particulate matter (PM) and BW has yielded inconsistent results.
  • The role of maternal thyroid function in this association remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between maternal exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 and birth weight.
  • To examine the influence of maternal thyroid hormone levels on this relationship.
  • To explore the mediating role of maternal thyroid hormones in the PM-BW association.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 1711 pregnant women in Henan, China, followed until delivery.
  • Assessed daily PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations using a spatial-temporal model.
  • Measured maternal thyroid hormone levels and analyzed associations with BW using linear regression and causal mediation analyses.

Main Results:

  • Increased PM2.5 and PM10 exposure were associated with decreased birth weight.
  • Maternal FT4 levels showed an inverse correlation with birth weight.
  • Maternal FT4 levels positively correlated with PM exposure, mediating 5.55% to 15.86% of the PM-BW relationship.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal exposure to particulate matter may reduce newborn birth weight.
  • This reduction is potentially mediated by alterations in maternal thyroid hormone concentrations.
  • Findings highlight thyroid function as a key pathway linking air pollution and fetal growth.