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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2025

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
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Insulin signaling and its application.

Thi Kim Chung Le1, Xuan Dat Dao1, Dang Vung Nguyen1

  • 1School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|September 4, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insulin resistance research has advanced disease diagnosis and treatment. This review synthesizes updated discoveries on insulin signaling, resistance mechanisms, and related diseases like obesity and Alzheimer's.

Keywords:
applicationinsulin resistanceinsulin signal pathwayinsulin signalingpost-receptor signal transductionreceptor

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • The discovery of insulin revolutionized diabetes care and spurred research into insulin activity and resistance.
  • Understanding insulin signaling is crucial for addressing metabolic disorders.
  • Insulin resistance is implicated in a growing list of chronic diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize updated discoveries on insulin signaling and resistance mechanisms.
  • To explore the physiological basis of insulin action and the pathophysiology of insulin resistance.
  • To discuss current applications and potential therapeutic strategies targeting insulin resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on insulin signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of post-receptor defects contributing to insulin resistance.
  • Synthesis of recent findings on diseases associated with insulin resistance.

Main Results:

  • Detailed depiction of the insulin signaling pathway from receptor to downstream effects.
  • Analysis of post-receptor mechanisms underlying insulin resistance.
  • Identification of key diseases linked to insulin resistance, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Updated understanding of insulin resistance mechanisms can inform novel therapeutic approaches.
  • Targeting insulin resistance pathways offers potential for treating associated chronic diseases.
  • Continued research is vital for developing effective interventions for insulin resistance-related conditions.