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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2025

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos
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Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

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International consensus recommendations on face transplantation: A 2-step Delphi study.

Benedetto Longo1, Fay Bound Alberti2, Bohdan Pomahac3

  • 1Chair of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy.

American Journal of Transplantation : Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons
|September 4, 2023
PubMed

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Early institutional adoption of robotic-assisted microsurgical reconstruction: A retrospective descriptive study.

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Reply: Immediate Hybrid Breast Reconstruction: Dual-Plane Approach Using Prepectoral Implants and Retropectoral Fat Grafting.

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Correspondence "Optimising the unilateral DIEP flap breast reconstruction: A United Kingdom-Netherlands multi-centre comparative study".

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Summary

Face transplantation offers reconstructive solutions for severe defects. This study outlines expert recommendations to establish a global standard for face transplantation practices and policies.

Area of Science:

  • Surgical Reconstruction
  • Transplantation Medicine
  • Bioethics

Background:

  • Face transplantation is a reconstructive option for severe craniofacial defects.
  • Ethical, psychosocial, and economic aspects require further clarification.
  • Lack of standardized metrics and definitions hinders global progress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address unanswered questions in face transplantation.
  • To develop recommendations for a global standard of practice.
  • To foster a global transplantation culture.

Main Methods:

  • A 2-round online modified Delphi process.
  • Involved 35 international face transplant stakeholders.
  • Included surgeons, ethicists, policymakers, and researchers.
Keywords:
consensus recommendationsface transplantationvascularized composite allotransplantation

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Main Results:

  • Addressed patient selection, indications, and clinical frameworks.
  • Covered surgical considerations, outcomes, and success definitions.
  • Included public perception and financial sustainability.

Conclusions:

  • Face transplantation requires a standardized approach.
  • Recommendations aim to provide a gold standard for practice and policy.
  • A global consensus is crucial for advancing face transplantation.