Immunogenicity evaluation of a novel virus-like particle vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 in BALB/c

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has imposed deployment of an effective vaccine as a worldwide health priority. The new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have also brought serious concerns due to virus eradiation hesitancy. In this study, we evaluated the protective immune system activity of a recombinant viral vector-based vaccine candidate encoding a fusion spike, membrane and nucleocapsid proteins, Spike (528-1273aa)-M-N, in BALB/c via two different routes of delivery, intranasal and subcutaneous. The immune responses were then assessed through specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, interleukin and granzyme B secretion. The outcomes showed that the IgG titer and IgA secretion was higher in intranasal route in comparison with the subcutaneous, and what is more, a higher titer of IL-4 was detected through the intranasal route, whereas IFN-γ was highly induced via the subcutaneous route. The cytotoxic cell activities were mostly achieved via subcutaneous route immunization. Vaccination with the target antigen is immunogenic and led to induction of specific antibodies. Both humoral and cellular immunity arms were well activated in immunized mice, especially through intranasal route with detectable IgA and IgG. Therefore, implication of the platform as a potential vaccine candidate has potential as a future prophylactic vaccine that guarantees further investigations for the assessment of its immunogenicity in humans.