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Between-Level Incongruences in Human Positivity.

Shi Yu1

  • 1Applied Psychology Program, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.

Perspectives on Psychological Science : a Journal of the Association for Psychological Science
|September 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human well-being and performance are complex, existing across multiple levels. What benefits individuals may not benefit society, and vice versa, highlighting crucial between-level incongruences in positivity.

Keywords:
Simpson’s paradoxmethodology: scientificmultilevelpositive psychology

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Multilevel Analysis

Background:

  • Human experience and societal structures are inherently multilevel.
  • A key feature of these multilevel phenomena is between-level incongruences, where lower and higher levels do not always align.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the ubiquity of between-level incongruences in human positivity.
  • To analyze the mechanisms governing these incongruences.
  • To discuss the implications for understanding and improving human positivity.

Main Methods:

  • Qualitative analysis of examples across social, structural, and temporal forms.
  • Examination of incongruences related to well-being and performance.
  • Theoretical analysis of governing mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Between-level incongruences in positivity are widespread across various domains.
  • Examples include societal well-being versus individual happiness, and personal achievement versus goal pursuit.
  • Mechanisms underlying these incongruences are diverse and warrant further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Positivity claims must specify their level of analysis.
  • Psychological science can benefit from multilevel, dynamical, and computational approaches.
  • Understanding between-level incongruences is key to enhancing human positivity.