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Updated: Jul 17, 2025
Author Spotlight: Integrating Alveolar-Capillary Reserve Measurements in Exercise Adaptation and Therapeutic Strategies
Published on: February 2, 2024
Airflow rates and breathlessness recovery from submaximal exercise in healthy adults: prospective, randomised,
Andrew Brew1, Sarah O'Beirne1, Miriam J Johnson1
1Wolfson Palliative Care Research Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
Objectives:
Facial airflow from a hand-held fan may reduce breathlessness severity and hasten postexertion recovery. Data from randomised controlled trials are limited and the optimal airflow speed remains unknown. We aimed to determine the effect of different airflow speeds on recovery from exercise-induced breathlessness.
Methods:
A prospective, randomised, cross-over design. Ten healthy participants (seven male; mean age 29±4 years; height 175±9 cm; body mass 76.9±14.1 kg) completed six bouts of 4 min of exercise. During the first 5 min of a 20 min recovery phase, participants received one of five airflow speeds by holding a fan ~15 cm from their face, or no fan control, administered in random order. Fan A had an internal blade, and fan B had an external blade. Breathlessness was measured using a numerical rating scale (NRS) at minute intervals for the first 10 min, and facial skin temperature was recorded using a thermal imaging camera (immediately postexertion and 5 min recovery).
Results:
Nine participants completed the trial. A significant main effect for airflow speed (p=0.016, ηp2=0.285) and interaction effect for airflow speed over time (p=0.008, ηp2=0.167) suggest that the airflow speed modifies breathlessness during recovery from exercise. Fan speeds of 1.7 m/s or greater increased the speed of recovery from breathlessness compared with control (p<0.05) with the highest airflow speeds (2.5 m/s and 3.3 m/s) giving greatest facial cooling.
Conclusion:
Higher airflow rates (1.7 m/s or greater) reduced self-reported recovery times from exercise-induced breathlessness and reduced facial temperature .
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