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Related Concept Videos

Plasticizers01:31

Plasticizers

90
Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
Plasticizers function by using surface-active agents to create repulsive electrostatic forces between cement particles. This dispersion enhances the concrete's...
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Superplasticizers01:30

Superplasticizers

103
Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...
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Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the...
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Additives and Fillers in Concrete01:29

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

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Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
The...
115
Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

2.8K
Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Updated: Jul 17, 2025

Sampling, Identification and Characterization of Microplastics Release from Polypropylene Baby Feeding Bottle during Daily Use
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Sampling, Identification and Characterization of Microplastics Release from Polypropylene Baby Feeding Bottle during Daily Use

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[Plasticizers Used in Polyvinyl Chloride Toys (2019-2020)].

Yutaka Abe1, Miku Yamaguchi1, Yohei Kataoka1

  • 1National Institute of Health Sciences.

Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan
|September 6, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Di (2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) is the primary plasticizer in Japanese polyvinyl chloride (PVC) toys, with usage increasing since 2009. Other plasticizer use has declined, while restricted phthalic acid esters (PAEs) remain absent in designated toys.

Keywords:
phthalic acid esterplasticizerpolyvinyl chloridetoy

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Consumer Product Safety

Context:

  • Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) toys are widely used globally, raising concerns about potential plasticizer leaching.
  • Plasticizers, particularly phthalic acid esters (PAEs), have been scrutinized for health and environmental impacts.
  • Regulatory landscapes for chemicals in consumer products, like toys, vary by region and evolve over time.

Purpose:

  • To determine the types and prevalence of plasticizers, including various phthalic acid esters (PAEs), in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) toys available in the Japanese market.
  • To track trends in plasticizer usage in PVC toys by comparing current findings with previous studies from 2009 and 2014.
  • To assess compliance with Japanese regulations regarding prohibited plasticizers in designated toys.

Summary:

  • A 2019-2020 analysis of 220 PVC toys in Japan identified fifteen plasticizers, with Di (2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) being the most frequently detected (71.2% in designated, 88.9% in non-designated toys).
  • Usage of DEHTP shows a consistent increase, while o-acetyl tributyl citrate and adipic acid esters have decreased. Six prohibited PAEs were not found in designated toys, though diisobutyl phthalate usage increased.
  • Four PAEs were detected in non-designated toys, with a significant decrease in di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Overall plasticizer content levels remained low, consistent with previous reports.

Impact:

  • Identifies DEHTP as the dominant plasticizer in Japanese PVC toys, indicating a market shift.
  • Provides crucial data for regulatory bodies assessing chemical safety in children's products.
  • Informs manufacturers and consumers about the evolving chemical composition of PVC toys and potential alternatives.