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Ribozymes02:47

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The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
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CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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CRISPR01:59

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Fanzor: a compact programmable RNA-guided endonuclease from eukaryotes.

Muhammad Jawad Akbar Awan1, Muhammad Raza Ali Awan2, Imran Amin1

  • 1Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Trends in Biotechnology
|September 6, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered Fanzor proteins, novel RNA-guided endonucleases in eukaryotes. These compact genome editors enable targeted genetic modifications, expanding the gene-editing toolbox.

Keywords:
IS200/605 transposable elementsIscBOMEGA lociTnpBeukaryotic endonucleasegenome editingsynthetic biology

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • IS200/605 transposons in prokaryotes possess programmable endonucleases.
  • Eukaryotic counterparts for these transposable element-associated endonucleases were previously uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the discovery and characterization of novel eukaryotic RNA-guided endonucleases.
  • To explore their potential for targeted genome editing applications.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis to identify potential endonuclease candidates in eukaryotic genomes.
  • Biochemical assays to confirm endonuclease activity and RNA-guided targeting.
  • Functional studies to assess genome modification capabilities.

Main Results:

  • Identification and characterization of Fanzor proteins, compact RNA-guided endonucleases in eukaryotes.
  • Demonstration of Fanzors' ability to induce targeted genetic modifications.
  • Fanzors represent a new class of genome editing tools.

Conclusions:

  • Fanzor proteins are programmable eukaryotic endonucleases.
  • Their discovery expands the available genome-editing technologies.
  • Fanzors offer a novel platform for precise genetic engineering in eukaryotes.