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Related Concept Videos

Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

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Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
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Confounding in Epidemiological Studies01:27

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Confounding in statistical epidemiology represents a pivotal challenge, referring to the distortion in the perceived relationship between an exposure and an outcome due to the presence of a third variable, known as a confounder. This variable is associated with both the exposure and the outcome but is not a direct link in their causal chain. Its presence can lead to erroneous interpretations of the exposure's effect, either exaggerating or underestimating the true association. This...
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Behavioral Genetics and Its Designs01:23

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Behavior genetics explores how genetic inheritance influences human behavior. It focuses on how genes, passed from parents to offspring, contribute to the development of behavioral traits and tendencies. This branch of genetics seeks to understand the complex interplay between inherited genetic factors and environmental influences in shaping our behaviors.
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Human Genetics

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Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
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Randomized Experiments01:13

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The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
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Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Updated: Jul 17, 2025

A Machine Learning Approach to Design an Efficient Selective Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment
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COVID-19 and cognitive performance: a Mendelian randomization study.

Ching-Man Tang1, Gloria Hoi-Yee Li1, Ching-Lung Cheung2

  • 1Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Frontiers in Public Health
|September 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic liability to SARS-CoV-2 infection may cause cognitive impairment, potentially mediated by systemic inflammation. Further research into anti-inflammatory treatments for post-COVID cognitive deficits is recommended.

Keywords:
COVID-19Mendelian randomizationSARS-CoV-2 infectioncognitive performanceinflammatory markers

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Cognitive impairment is a common post-COVID-19 symptom.
  • The causal link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and cognitive deficit requires investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if genetic liability to SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe COVID-19 causes cognitive deficits.
  • To explore the role of systemic inflammation in this causal pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses.
  • Assessed genetic liability for SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization, and severe disease.
  • Adjusted for five inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) in multivariable MR.

Main Results:

  • Host genetic liability to SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with lower cognitive performance (IVW: -0.023, 95% CI: -0.038 to -0.009).
  • This association was attenuated when adjusting for inflammatory markers (IVW: -0.022, 95% CI: -0.049 to 0.004).
  • No significant association was found for genetic liability to hospitalized or severe COVID-19 with cognitive performance.

Conclusions:

  • Systemic inflammation may mediate the causal effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection genetic liability on reduced cognitive performance.
  • Further research on anti-inflammatory agents for cognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors is warranted.