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Bacterial and archaeal cells exhibit remarkable diversity in shape and structure, critical in their adaptability and functionality. Among bacteria, the most commonly observed shapes include cocci and bacilli. Cocci are spherical and may exist singly or in groupings such as pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci), clusters (staphylococci), or tetrads. Bacilli, in contrast, are rod-shaped and can also occur as single cells, in pairs, or chains, depending on their environmental and genetic...
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Organisms exhibit remarkable metabolic diversity, categorized based on how they acquire energy and carbon. These strategies enable survival in various ecological niches and are essential for maintaining energy flow and nutrient cycling within ecosystems.Energy and Carbon SourcesOrganisms are classified as phototrophs or chemotrophs based on energy acquisition. Phototrophs use light as their energy source, while chemotrophs rely on oxidizing chemical compounds. Further differentiation arises...
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Advancements in molecular biology have revolutionized the identification and characterization of bacteria, with multiple methods leveraging DNA sequencing for enhanced precision. As sequencing technologies improve and costs decline, these approaches are increasingly used in clinical, environmental, and evolutionary studies.Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) examines several housekeeping genes, essential chromosomal genes encoding cellular functions, to distinguish strains. Approximately...
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Fermentation is a crucial anaerobic metabolic process that enables microbes to derive energy from sugar without relying on oxygen or an electron transport chain. This process is fundamental to various biological and industrial applications and is classified based on the metabolic products generated.Role of Pyruvate in FermentationPyruvate and its derivatives serve as key electron acceptors in fermentative pathways. The oxidation of NADH to regenerate NAD+ is essential for the continuation of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2025

Divergence of Root Microbiota in Different Habitats based on Weighted Correlation Networks
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Functionally discrete fine roots differ in microbial assembly, microbial functional potential, and produced

William L King1,2, Caylon F Yates1,3, Lily Cao1,3,4

  • 1Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.

Plant, Cell & Environment
|September 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Root function, not just size, shapes microbial communities. Absorptive and transportive fine roots host distinct bacteria and microbial functions, revealing crucial host selective pressures on root microbiomes.

Keywords:
microbial functionsrhizoplanerhizosphereroot microbiomeroot orderroot physiologyspatial colonization

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Area of Science:

  • Plant and Microbial Ecology
  • Soil Science
  • Molecular Ecology

Background:

  • Traditional fine root classification by size overlooks functional diversity.
  • Microbiome studies often group roots, potentially confounding microbial signals and host-filtering.
  • Understanding root-microbe interactions requires differentiating root functional types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how root function (absorptive vs. transportive) influences microbial communities and functions.
  • To compare microbial communities and metabolomes between absorptive and transportive fine roots.
  • To identify host selective pressures on root microbiome compartments based on root function.

Main Methods:

  • Sampling fine roots from four temperate tree species in a common garden.
  • Sorting roots into absorptive and transportive functional types.
  • Utilizing 16S rRNA gene sequencing, shotgun metagenomics, and metabolomics.

Main Results:

  • Fungal and bacterial communities differed significantly between absorptive and transportive fine roots.
  • Bacterial communities showed differences between rhizoplane and rhizosphere in absorptive roots only.
  • Rhizoplane bacteria, root metabolome, and potential microbial functions varied by root function, not rhizosphere bacteria.

Conclusions:

  • Root function is a critical factor in shaping root-microbial relationships.
  • Host selective pressures differ across root microbiome compartments based on root function.
  • Differentiating fine root functional types is essential for accurate microbiome analysis.