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Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt
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Fast and destructive density currents created by ocean-entering volcanic eruptions.

Michael A Clare1, Isobel A Yeo1, Sally Watson2

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Volcanic eruptions directly into the ocean can generate extremely fast seafloor currents, exceeding 122 km/h. These powerful underwater currents, faster than those from other natural disasters, can cause significant damage.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine geology and volcanology
  • Oceanography and natural hazards

Background:

  • Land-based volcanic eruptions generate pyroclastic density currents that can trigger tsunamis.
  • The behavior and impact of volcanic material emplaced directly into the ocean remain poorly documented.
  • Previous studies have not investigated seafloor currents generated by submarine volcanic eruptions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document and analyze the characteristics of seafloor currents generated by direct volcanic emplacement into the ocean.
  • To compare the speed and impact of these volcanic density currents with those from other geophysical events.
  • To provide evidence for the widespread occurrence of large submarine volcanic eruptions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of seafloor data following a volcanic eruption event.
  • Measurement of current speed and runout distances of volcanic density currents.
  • Comparison of excavated scours with known geological features around submerged volcanoes.

Main Results:

  • Rapid emplacement of volcanic material onto steep submerged slopes triggered extremely fast seafloor currents (122 km/h).
  • These currents exhibited long runout distances (>100 km) and were faster than those generated by earthquakes, floods, or storms.
  • The currents caused significant damage, including breaking seafloor cables and excavating deep scours.

Conclusions:

  • Direct volcanic emplacement into the ocean can generate powerful and destructive seafloor density currents.
  • These volcanic currents pose a significant hazard, capable of disrupting critical infrastructure like communication cables.
  • The observed scours provide evidence for similar large-scale volcanic events at other submerged volcanic sites globally.