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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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Two-dimensional water-molecule-cluster layers at nanobubble interfaces.

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The structure of water at nanobubble (NB) interfaces was revealed, showing a unique hydrogen-bonded layer stabilizing these bubbles. This discovery explains NB longevity and has implications for gas-water interface science.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Surface Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Nanobubbles (NBs) exhibit high surface charge and extended lifetimes.
  • The precise structure of the interfacial layer governing NB stability remains elusive.
  • A stabilizing hydrogen bond network within the interfacial layer is hypothesized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the interfacial layer structure of nanobubbles.
  • To investigate the role of encapsulated gas species on interfacial properties.
  • To propose a model for the nanobubble-water interface.

Main Methods:

  • In situ infrared reflectance-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) for structural determination.
  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations for interface modeling.
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to assess interfacial layer hardness.

Main Results:

  • The interfacial layer comprises three-, four-, and five-membered water molecule ring clusters.
  • A model was proposed: a 2D cluster layer with dipole moments faces the gas, adjacent to bulk water.
  • Interfacial layer hardness correlates with gas interaction (N2 > O2 > CO2), supporting the model.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a distinct, structured interfacial water layer in nanobubbles.
  • The findings provide a molecular-level understanding of nanobubble stabilization.
  • The proposed model is generalizable to other gas-water interfaces.