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Related Concept Videos

Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving01:18

Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving

256
Newtonian fluids exhibit a constant viscosity, meaning their shear stress and shear strain rate are directly proportional. This property ensures a predictable and stable response to applied forces, maintaining a linear relationship between force and flow. Examples include water, air, and light oils, consistently demonstrating this proportional behavior regardless of external conditions.
A velocity gradient forms within the fluid when a Newtonian fluid is placed between two parallel plates, with...
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Characteristics of Fluids01:20

Characteristics of Fluids

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When a force is applied parallel to the top surface of a solid, it resists the applied force due to the internal frictional forces between the layers of the solid known as shearing resistance. However, when the force is removed, the shearing forces restore the original shape of the solid. Other deformation forces also cause temporary changes in shape if the forces are not beyond a threshold magnitude. Solids tend to retain their shape, making the study of their rest and motion easier. Beyond...
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Types of Fluids01:27

Types of Fluids

315
Fluids can be classified into Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids based on their response to shear stress. Newtonian fluids have a linear relationship between shear stress and the shear strain rate, following Newton's law of viscosity. Their viscosity remains constant regardless of the shear rate, making their behavior predictable and easier to analyze. Common examples include water, air, oil, and gasoline.
In contrast, non-Newtonian fluids do not follow Newton's law of viscosity, and...
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Laminar Flow01:27

Laminar Flow

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Laminar flow represents a smooth, orderly fluid motion where particles move along parallel paths, resulting in minimal mixing between layers. Streamlined particle paths characterize this flow regime and occur under conditions where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. The distinction between laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow is primarily determined by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity calculated as:
1.1K
Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

329
Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies...
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Accelerating Fluids01:17

Accelerating Fluids

1.1K
When a fluid is in constant acceleration, the pressure and buoyant force equations are modified. Suppose a beaker is placed in an elevator accelerating upward with a constant acceleration, a. In the beaker, assume there is a thin cylinder of height h with an infinitesimal cross-sectional area, ΔS.
The motion of the liquid within this infinitesimal cylinder is considered to obtain the pressure difference. Three vertical forces act on this liquid:
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Updated: Jul 17, 2025

Fabricating High-viscosity Droplets using Microfluidic Capillary Device with Phase-inversion Co-flow Structure
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Controlling liquid-liquid phase behaviour with an active fluid.

Alexandra M Tayar1, Fernando Caballero2, Trevor Anderberg2

  • 1Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. Alexandra.tayar@weizmann.ac.il.

Nature Materials
|September 7, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Activity in fluids suppresses liquid-liquid phase separation critical points, especially with mechanical bonds. This finding offers insights into active matter and cellular self-organization.

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Area of Science:

  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Active Matter Systems
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Liquid-liquid phase separation is typically explained by equilibrium thermodynamics.
  • Out-of-equilibrium phase transitions in binary fluid mixtures are challenging to predict and design.
  • Active fluids introduce complexities beyond traditional thermodynamic models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of activity on liquid-liquid phase separation in binary fluid mixtures.
  • To explore the role of mechanical interactions between active components and phase-separating liquids.
  • To understand the fundamental principles governing out-of-equilibrium phase transitions in active matter.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized attractive DNA nanostars as a model system for liquid-liquid phase separation.
  • Employed a microtubule-based active fluid to drive the system away from equilibrium.
  • Conducted numerical simulations to validate experimental observations.

Main Results:

  • Active fluid significantly lowers the critical temperature of demixing.
  • Activity narrows the coexistence concentrations range.
  • These effects are pronounced when mechanical bonds link active fluid and liquid droplets.

Conclusions:

  • Activity suppresses the critical point in liquid-liquid phase separation, a potentially generic phenomenon in active matter.
  • The findings provide a versatile platform for creating feedback-controlled soft active materials.
  • This research offers insights into self-organization mechanisms relevant to cell biology.