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Behavioral type and predictability are abundant in nature but evolve adaptively, not independently. Their correlations vary, suggesting system-specific evolutionary constraints on these key animal behavior components.

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Behavioral predictability (within-individual variation) is recognized alongside behavioral type (average behavior) as crucial for an individual's strategy.
  • The evolutionary pathways and interrelationships between behavioral type and predictability remain largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how behavioral type and predictability evolve.
  • To test scenarios of independent evolution versus evolution constrained by proximate factors or local adaptations.
  • To examine correlations between activity and risk-taking behaviors across species.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic meta-analyses were conducted using 93 effect sizes from 44 vertebrate and invertebrate species.
  • Focused on the relationship between behavioral type and behavioral predictability.
  • Analyzed correlations related to activity and risk-taking behaviors.

Main Results:

  • The average correlation between behavioral type and predictability was not significantly different from zero.
  • A high degree of heterogeneity was observed in correlation effect sizes, with both positive and negative relationships present.
  • The overall absolute correlation was substantial (Zr = 0.58), exceeding null expectations and supporting adaptive scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • Correlations between behavioral type and predictability are common in nature.
  • The direction of these correlations is variable, suggesting local adaptations rather than uniform proximate constraints.
  • The evolution of behavioral type and predictability appears to be constrained in a system-specific manner.