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Related Concept Videos

Tension Response at Adherens Junctions01:26

Tension Response at Adherens Junctions

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The adherens junctions that anchor cells together are multi-protein complexes that dynamically adapt to mechanical stimuli such as tensile forces and shear stress. Mechanosensory proteins in these junctions can sense such mechanical stimuli and undergo a shift in their conformation, resulting in an altered function — a process called mechanotransduction.
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Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
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The protrusion of the cell surface is an initial step for several cellular processes, including cell migration, phagocytosis, and neurite outgrowth. These membrane protrusions are a result of cytoskeletal rearrangement. The most  widely observed cell protrusions include lamellipodia, pseudopodia, filopodia, microvilli, invadopodia, and podosomes. These protrusions can be of two types — static or dynamic.
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Strong contact points between adjacent cells anchor them to each other, forming tissues. Such anchoring junctions are of two types –  adherens junctions and desmosomes. Adherens junctions are abundant in tissues such as  epithelium and endothelium, forming a continuous zone of adhesion called the adhesion belt. In other tissues, such as  heart muscle, they appear as clusters, linking the cells to produce coordinated heart muscle contraction.
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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2025

Analyzing Cell Surface Adhesion Remodeling in Response to Mechanical Tension Using Magnetic Beads
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Preload-Induced Switchable Adhesion.

Chongwen Tu1, Keju Ji1, Jiahui Zhao1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, No. 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing, 210016, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|September 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed novel multilayer adhesives (MAs) that switch adhesion rapidly by adjusting preload. These bioinspired adhesives offer efficient attachment and detachment for practical applications.

Keywords:
multilayer adhesivespreload-induced adhesionstructural parametersswitchable adhesionunderside buckling

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Bioinspired Engineering
  • Adhesion Science

Background:

  • Animals exhibit efficient attachment and detachment, inspiring bioadhesives.
  • Current bioinspired adhesives face challenges in actuator complexity and switching speed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design multilayer adhesives (MAs) with rapid, actuator-free switching capabilities.
  • To achieve high adhesion switching ratios through structural optimization.

Main Methods:

  • Proposed a multilayer adhesive (MA) design with backing, middle, and bottom layers.
  • Investigated adhesion behavior by varying preload, inducing middle layer deformation and buckling.
  • Optimized structural parameters to enhance switching ratio.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a high switching ratio of up to 136× by adjusting preload.
  • Demonstrated switchable adhesion solely through structural design and preload manipulation.
  • Incorporated a film-terminated structure for simplified cleaning and maintained microstructure integrity.

Conclusions:

  • The developed MAs offer efficient, rapid, and switchable adhesion without complex actuators.
  • The design shows practical potential for transportation and other applications requiring controlled adhesion.
  • Structural optimization and preload control are key to achieving high-performance bioadhesives.