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Updated: Jul 16, 2025

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Evaluating rearing behaviour as a model-specific pain indicator in mouse osteotomy models.

Angelique Wolter1,2,3, Paulin Jirkof4, Christa Thöne-Reineke3

  • 1Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Germany.

Laboratory Animals
|September 8, 2023
PubMed
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Rearing behavior in mice after femur fracture surgery was reduced, but did not consistently indicate pain. This study suggests altered rearing is not a reliable pain sign in mouse fracture models.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Pain research
  • Animal models

Background:

  • Assessing pain in mouse fracture models relies on clinical signs and behaviors.
  • Rearing behavior, involving hindlimb elevation, has motivational and ambulatory aspects.
  • Limited research exists on rearing behavior as a pain indicator in mouse fracture models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if rearing behavior duration is affected by femur osteotomy in mice.
  • To determine if rearing behavior can serve as an additional pain sign in mouse fracture models.
  • To compare rearing behavior in male and female mice with rigid versus flexible fixation.

Main Methods:

  • Femur osteotomy was performed on male and female C57BL/6N mice with rigid or flexible external fixation.
Keywords:
Behaviourbone fractureethics & welfareexploratory behaviourpain assessmentrearing behaviourrefinement

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  • Rearing behavior duration was measured at various time points post-surgery.
  • Rearing duration was compared between groups and analyzed for association with limping.

    • Main Results:

    • Rearing duration significantly decreased post-osteotomy in both sexes at 24, 48, and 72 hours.
    • Anesthesia/analgesia alone did not affect rearing duration.
    • Male mice showed increased relative rearing duration over time (especially with rigid fixation), while female mice did not.

    Conclusions:

    • Altered rearing behavior duration after femur osteotomy in mice does not provide sufficient evidence as a reliable indicator of model-specific pain.
    • Sex-dependent differences in rearing recovery were observed.
    • Rearing behavior did not correlate with the presence or absence of limping.