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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Imprinted Long Non-Coding RNAs in Mammalian Development and Disease.

Flavio Di Michele1,2, Isabel Chillón1,2, Robert Feil1,2

  • 1Institute of Molecular Genetics of Montpellier (IGMM), CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34093 Montpellier, France.

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|September 9, 2023
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Summary

Imprinted genes and their long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are vital for development and health. Dysregulation of these crucial lncRNAs can lead to human diseases.

Keywords:
chromatin repressionepigeneticsgenomic imprintinghistone methylationimprinting disorderlong non-coding RNAtranscriptional interference

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Imprinted genes are essential for mammalian development, homeostasis, and disease.
  • Most imprinted chromosomal domains express long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs).
  • Imprinted lncRNAs can regulate gene expression in cis and trans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the expression and regulatory roles of imprinted lncRNAs.
  • To describe human diseases linked to altered imprinted lncRNA expression.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on imprinted lncRNAs.
  • Analysis of cis- and trans-regulatory functions.
  • Correlation of aberrant expression with human disease syndromes.

Main Results:

  • Imprinted lncRNAs are frequently nuclear and control protein-coding gene expression.
  • Epigenetic changes in early development can disrupt imprinted lncRNA regulation.
  • Perturbed imprinted lncRNA expression is associated with various human diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Imprinted lncRNAs have critical roles in gene regulation and development.
  • Understanding imprinted lncRNA function is key to deciphering developmental disorders and diseases.
  • Further research into epigenetic regulation of imprinted lncRNAs is warranted.